Compose: state holder/UI split

Core principle

Separate state-holder wiring from UI rendering. The state-holder composable talks to ViewModels, components, flows, navigation, and side effects. The UI composable takes plain immutable UI state plus callbacks and describes layout.

This keeps screens previewable, testable, and easier to reuse across Android, Desktop, TV, and KMP/CMP targets.

When to use this skill

Use this when a Compose screen:

Takes a ViewModel, component, controller, navigator, repository, or service directly.
Collects app/business state or side effects in the same function that lays out most UI.
Passes a whole state holder into child composables instead of explicit state and callbacks.
Is hard to preview because it needs dependency injection, navigation, lifecycle, or fake services.
Has UI tests that must construct a full app stack to verify a simple layout branch.

The pattern

Use a small public state-holder composable:

kotlin

@Composable
fun ProfileScreen(component: ProfileComponent, modifier: Modifier = Modifier) {
    val state by component.state.collectAsStateWithLifecycle()

    ProfileScreen(
        state = state,
        onNameChange = component::onNameChange,
        onSaveClick = component::save,
        onBackClick = component::back,
        modifier = modifier,
    )
}

Then put UI in a plain composable that knows nothing about the state holder:

kotlin

@Composable
fun ProfileScreen(
    state: ProfileUiState,
    onNameChange: (String) -> Unit,
    onSaveClick: () -> Unit,
    onBackClick: () -> Unit,
    modifier: Modifier = Modifier,
) {
    ProfileContent(
        name = state.name,
        isSaving = state.isSaving,
        canSave = state.canSave,
        onNameChange = onNameChange,
        onSaveClick = onSaveClick,
        onBackClick = onBackClick,
        modifier = modifier,
    )
}

Private content functions can break up layout:

kotlin

@Composable
private fun ProfileContent(
    name: String,
    isSaving: Boolean,
    canSave: Boolean,
    onNameChange: (String) -> Unit,
    onSaveClick: () -> Unit,
    onBackClick: () -> Unit,
    modifier: Modifier = Modifier,
) {
    // Layout only.
}

Rules of thumb

Concern	State-holder composable	UI composable
Collect ViewModel/component state	Yes	No
Collect one-shot effects	Yes, or a tiny sibling effect handler	Usually no
Hold dependency-injected objects	Yes	No
Accept immutable UI state	Usually passes it through	Yes
Accept lambdas for user events	Wires them	Calls them
Own layout, modifiers, semantics, test tags	No/minimal	Yes
Own UI-local state like scroll, focus, text input, animation, interaction	Sometimes seeds it	Yes
Preview/screenshot friendly	Not necessarily	Yes

The "no collection in UI composables" rule is about app/business state and side-effect streams. Plain UI composables can still own UI-local framework state: rememberScrollState, rememberLazyListState, FocusRequester, focus state, animation state, TextFieldState, MutableInteractionSource.collectIsPressedAsState(), and similar behavior that belongs to the rendered widget.

If that UI-local state grows into coordinated behavior with multiple related fields and operations, use compose-state-hoisting to decide whether it should become a plain state holder class remembered in composition.

What to pass

Pass the smallest useful UI contract:

Prefer a dedicated UiState/State object over many unrelated primitives when the screen has real state.
Prefer explicit lambdas (onRetryClick, onItemSelected) over passing a whole component.
Keep domain models out of the UI composable if they force business rules into UI. Map to UI models when the UI needs a different shape.
Keep navigation as callbacks. The UI composable says "user clicked back", not "navigate to route X".
Frame-rate or UI-local values that should not force whole-tree recomposition when they change: prefer provider lambdas and deferred reads per compose-state-deferred-reads.

Side effects

compose-side-effects covers effect APIs (LaunchedEffect, DisposableEffect, SideEffect), keys, cleanup, and rememberUpdatedState.

Handle effects near the state holder, where the effect source and imperative target are both available:

kotlin

@Composable
fun ProfileScreen(component: ProfileComponent, snackbarHostState: SnackbarHostState) {
    val state by component.state.collectAsStateWithLifecycle()

    LaunchedEffect(component) {
        component.effects.collect { effect ->
            when (effect) {
                ProfileEffect.Saved -> snackbarHostState.showSnackbar("Saved")
            }
        }
    }

    ProfileScreen(state = state, onSaveClick = component::save)
}

If effect handling grows, extract ProfileEffects(component, snackbarHostState) rather than pushing the component into the UI composable.

Common mistakes

Mistake	Why it hurts	Fix
`fun Screen(viewModel: MyViewModel)` contains all layout	Hard to preview/test without Android lifecycle and DI	Add a plain UI overload that takes `state` and callbacks
Child composables take `component`	Dependencies leak through the tree	Pass only the state/callbacks that child needs
UI composable launches navigation	UI becomes coupled to app routing	Expose `onBackClick`, `onItemClick`, etc.
UI composable collects app/business flows	Collection lifecycle is hidden in layout	Collect near the state holder and pass values down
UI-local state is hoisted into the state holder for no reason	State holder starts owning layout mechanics	Keep scroll/focus/animation/text-field interaction state in the UI composable when it is only UI behavior
Every tiny composable gets a state-holder overload	Too much ceremony	Split at screen/section boundaries, not every `Row`

When NOT to apply

Tiny one-off composables that already take plain values and callbacks.
Design-system primitives such as Button, Card, or ListItem; those should expose slots and modifiers, not state holders.
Cases where the state-holder composable would only forward one primitive and add no isolation.

compose-ui-testing-patterns — testing plain state-driven UI composables without the full app graph.
compose-state-hoisting — deciding where UI element state and UI logic should live, including plain state holder classes.
kotlin-multiplatform-expect-actual — platform services, native views, and expect/interface boundaries when shared UI meets platform-specific leaves.

Compose: state holder/UI split

Core principle

When to use this skill

The pattern

Rules of thumb

What to pass

Side effects

Common mistakes

When NOT to apply

Related

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