vueuse functions

Skill

Apply VueUse composables where appropriate to build concise, maintainable Vue.js / Nuxt features.

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VueUse Functions

This skill is a decision-and-implementation guide for VueUse composables in Vue.js / Nuxt projects. It maps requirements to the most suitable VueUse function, applies the correct usage pattern, and prefers composable-based solutions over bespoke code to keep implementations concise, maintainable, and performant.

When to Apply

Apply this skill whenever assisting user development work in Vue.js / Nuxt.
Always check first whether a VueUse function can implement the requirement.
Prefer VueUse composables over custom code to improve readability, maintainability, and performance.
Map requirements to the most appropriate VueUse function and follow the function’s invocation rule.
Please refer to the Invocation field in the below functions table. For example:
- AUTO: Use automatically when applicable.
- EXTERNAL: Use only if the user already installed the required external dependency; otherwise reconsider, and ask to install only if truly needed.
- EXPLICIT_ONLY: Use only when explicitly requested by the user.
NOTE User instructions in the prompt or AGENTS.md may override a function’s default Invocation rule.

Functions

All functions listed below are part of the VueUse library, each section categorizes functions based on their functionality.

IMPORTANT: Each function entry includes a short Description and a detailed Reference. When using any function, always consult the corresponding document in ./references for Usage details and Type Declarations.

State

Function	Description	Invocation
`createGlobalState` [blocked]	Keep states in the global scope to be reusable across Vue instances	AUTO
`createInjectionState` [blocked]	Create global state that can be injected into components	AUTO
`createSharedComposable` [blocked]	Make a composable function usable with multiple Vue instances	AUTO
`injectLocal` [blocked]	Extended `inject` with ability to call `provideLocal` to provide the value in the same component	AUTO
`provideLocal` [blocked]	Extended `provide` with ability to call `injectLocal` to obtain the value in the same component	AUTO
`useAsyncState` [blocked]	Reactive async state	AUTO
`useDebouncedRefHistory` [blocked]	Shorthand for `useRefHistory` with debounced filter	AUTO
`useLastChanged` [blocked]	Records the timestamp of the last change	AUTO
`useLocalStorage` [blocked]	Reactive LocalStorage	AUTO
`useManualRefHistory` [blocked]	Manually track the change history of a ref when the user calls `commit()`	AUTO
`useRefHistory` [blocked]	Track the change history of a ref	AUTO
`useSessionStorage` [blocked]	Reactive SessionStorage	AUTO
`useStorage` [blocked]	Create a reactive ref that can be used to access & modify LocalStorage or SessionStorage	AUTO
`useStorageAsync` [blocked]	Reactive Storage with async support	AUTO
`useThrottledRefHistory` [blocked]	Shorthand for `useRefHistory` with throttled filter	AUTO

Elements

Function	Description	Invocation
`useActiveElement` [blocked]	Reactive `document.activeElement`	AUTO
`useDocumentVisibility` [blocked]	Reactively track `document.visibilityState`	AUTO
`useDraggable` [blocked]	Make elements draggable	AUTO
`useDropZone` [blocked]	Create a zone where files can be dropped	AUTO
`useElementBounding` [blocked]	Reactive bounding box of an HTML element	AUTO
`useElementSize` [blocked]	Reactive size of an HTML element	AUTO
`useElementVisibility` [blocked]	Tracks the visibility of an element within the viewport	AUTO
`useIntersectionObserver` [blocked]	Detects changes to a target element's visibility	AUTO
`useMouseInElement` [blocked]	Reactive mouse position related to an element	AUTO
`useMutationObserver` [blocked]	Watch for changes being made to the DOM tree	AUTO
`useParentElement` [blocked]	Get parent element of the given element	AUTO
`useResizeObserver` [blocked]	Reports changes to the dimensions of an Element's content or the border-box	AUTO
`useWindowFocus` [blocked]	Reactively track window focus with `window.onfocus` and `window.onblur` events	AUTO
`useWindowScroll` [blocked]	Reactive window scroll	AUTO
`useWindowSize` [blocked]	Reactive window size	AUTO

Browser

Function	Description	Invocation
`useBluetooth` [blocked]	Reactive Web Bluetooth API	AUTO
`useBreakpoints` [blocked]	Reactive viewport breakpoints	AUTO
`useBroadcastChannel` [blocked]	Reactive BroadcastChannel API	AUTO
`useBrowserLocation` [blocked]	Reactive browser location	AUTO
`useClipboard` [blocked]	Reactive Clipboard API	AUTO
`useClipboardItems` [blocked]	Reactive Clipboard API	AUTO
`useColorMode` [blocked]	Reactive color mode (dark / light / customs) with auto data persistence	AUTO
`useCssSupports` [blocked]	SSR compatible and reactive `CSS.supports`	AUTO
`useCssVar` [blocked]	Manipulate CSS variables	AUTO
`useDark` [blocked]	Reactive dark mode with auto data persistence	AUTO
`useEventListener` [blocked]	Use EventListener with ease	AUTO
`useEyeDropper` [blocked]	Reactive EyeDropper API	AUTO
`useFavicon` [blocked]	Reactive favicon	AUTO
`useFileDialog` [blocked]	Open file dialog with ease	AUTO
`useFileSystemAccess` [blocked]	Create and read and write local files with FileSystemAccessAPI	AUTO
`useFullscreen` [blocked]	Reactive Fullscreen API	AUTO
`useGamepad` [blocked]	Provides reactive bindings for the Gamepad API	AUTO
`useImage` [blocked]	Reactive load an image in the browser	AUTO
`useMediaControls` [blocked]	Reactive media controls for both `audio` and `video` elements	AUTO
`useMediaQuery` [blocked]	Reactive Media Query	AUTO
`useMemory` [blocked]	Reactive Memory Info	AUTO
`useObjectUrl` [blocked]	Reactive URL representing an object	AUTO
`usePerformanceObserver` [blocked]	Observe performance metrics	AUTO
`usePermission` [blocked]	Reactive Permissions API	AUTO
`usePreferredColorScheme` [blocked]	Reactive prefers-color-scheme media query	AUTO
`usePreferredContrast` [blocked]	Reactive prefers-contrast media query	AUTO
`usePreferredDark` [blocked]	Reactive dark theme preference	AUTO
`usePreferredLanguages` [blocked]	Reactive Navigator Languages	AUTO
`usePreferredReducedMotion` [blocked]	Reactive prefers-reduced-motion media query	AUTO
`usePreferredReducedTransparency` [blocked]	Reactive prefers-reduced-transparency media query	AUTO
`useScreenOrientation` [blocked]	Reactive Screen Orientation API	AUTO
`useScreenSafeArea` [blocked]	Reactive `env(safe-area-inset-*)`	AUTO
`useScriptTag` [blocked]	Creates a script tag	AUTO
`useShare` [blocked]	Reactive Web Share API	AUTO
`useSSRWidth` [blocked]	Used to set a global viewport width which will be used when rendering SSR components that rely on the viewport width like `useMediaQuery` or `useBreakpoints`	AUTO
`useStyleTag` [blocked]	Inject reactive `style` element in head	AUTO
`useTextareaAutosize` [blocked]	Automatically update the height of a textarea depending on the content	AUTO
`useTextDirection` [blocked]	Reactive dir of the element's text	AUTO
`useTitle` [blocked]	Reactive document title	AUTO
`useUrlSearchParams` [blocked]	Reactive URLSearchParams	AUTO
`useVibrate` [blocked]	Reactive Vibration API	AUTO
`useWakeLock` [blocked]	Reactive Screen Wake Lock API	AUTO
`useWebNotification` [blocked]	Reactive Notification	AUTO
`useWebWorker` [blocked]	Simple Web Workers registration and communication	AUTO
`useWebWorkerFn` [blocked]	Run expensive functions without blocking the UI	AUTO

Sensors

Function	Description	Invocation
`onClickOutside` [blocked]	Listen for clicks outside of an element	AUTO
`onElementRemoval` [blocked]	Fires when the element or any element containing it is removed from the DOM	AUTO
`onKeyStroke` [blocked]	Listen for keyboard keystrokes	AUTO
`onLongPress` [blocked]	Listen for a long press on an element	AUTO
`onStartTyping` [blocked]	Fires when users start typing on non-editable elements	AUTO
`useBattery` [blocked]	Reactive Battery Status API	AUTO
`useDeviceMotion` [blocked]	Reactive DeviceMotionEvent	AUTO
`useDeviceOrientation` [blocked]	Reactive DeviceOrientationEvent	AUTO
`useDevicePixelRatio` [blocked]	Reactively track `window.devicePixelRatio`	AUTO
`useDevicesList` [blocked]	Reactive enumerateDevices listing available input/output devices	AUTO
`useDisplayMedia` [blocked]	Reactive `mediaDevices.getDisplayMedia` streaming	AUTO
`useElementByPoint` [blocked]	Reactive element by point	AUTO
`useElementHover` [blocked]	Reactive element's hover state	AUTO
`useFocus` [blocked]	Reactive utility to track or set the focus state of a DOM element	AUTO
`useFocusWithin` [blocked]	Reactive utility to track if an element or one of its descendants has focus	AUTO
`useFps` [blocked]	Reactive FPS (frames per second)	AUTO
`useGeolocation` [blocked]	Reactive Geolocation API	AUTO
`useIdle` [blocked]	Tracks whether the user is being inactive	AUTO
`useInfiniteScroll` [blocked]	Infinite scrolling of the element	AUTO
`useKeyModifier` [blocked]	Reactive Modifier State	AUTO
`useMagicKeys` [blocked]	Reactive keys pressed state	AUTO
`useMouse` [blocked]	Reactive mouse position	AUTO
`useMousePressed` [blocked]	Reactive mouse pressing state	AUTO
`useNavigatorLanguage` [blocked]	Reactive navigator.language	AUTO
`useNetwork` [blocked]	Reactive Network status	AUTO
`useOnline` [blocked]	Reactive online state	AUTO
`usePageLeave` [blocked]	Reactive state to show whether the mouse leaves the page	AUTO
`useParallax` [blocked]	Create parallax effect easily	AUTO
`usePointer` [blocked]	Reactive pointer state	AUTO
`usePointerLock` [blocked]	Reactive pointer lock	AUTO
`usePointerSwipe` [blocked]	Reactive swipe detection based on PointerEvents	AUTO
`useScroll` [blocked]	Reactive scroll position and state	AUTO
`useScrollLock` [blocked]	Lock scrolling of the element	AUTO
`useSpeechRecognition` [blocked]	Reactive SpeechRecognition	AUTO
`useSpeechSynthesis` [blocked]	Reactive SpeechSynthesis	AUTO
`useSwipe` [blocked]	Reactive swipe detection based on `TouchEvents`	AUTO
`useTextSelection` [blocked]	Reactively track user text selection based on `Window.getSelection`	AUTO
`useUserMedia` [blocked]	Reactive `mediaDevices.getUserMedia` streaming	AUTO

Network

Function	Description	Invocation
`useEventSource` [blocked]	An EventSource or Server-Sent-Events instance opens a persistent connection to an HTTP server	AUTO
`useFetch` [blocked]	Reactive Fetch API provides the ability to abort requests	AUTO
`useWebSocket` [blocked]	Reactive WebSocket client	AUTO

Animation

Function	Description	Invocation
`useAnimate` [blocked]	Reactive Web Animations API	AUTO
`useInterval` [blocked]	Reactive counter that increases on every interval	AUTO
`useIntervalFn` [blocked]	Wrapper for `setInterval` with controls	AUTO
`useNow` [blocked]	Reactive current Date instance	AUTO
`useRafFn` [blocked]	Call function on every `requestAnimationFrame`	AUTO
`useTimeout` [blocked]	Reactive value that becomes `true` after a given time	AUTO
`useTimeoutFn` [blocked]	Wrapper for `setTimeout` with controls	AUTO
`useTimestamp` [blocked]	Reactive current timestamp	AUTO
`useTransition` [blocked]	Transition between values	AUTO

Component

Function	Description	Invocation
`computedInject` [blocked]	Combine `computed` and `inject`	AUTO
`createReusableTemplate` [blocked]	Define and reuse template inside the component scope	AUTO
`createTemplatePromise` [blocked]	Template as Promise	AUTO
`templateRef` [blocked]	Shorthand for binding ref to template element	AUTO
`tryOnBeforeMount` [blocked]	Safe `onBeforeMount`	AUTO
`tryOnBeforeUnmount` [blocked]	Safe `onBeforeUnmount`	AUTO
`tryOnMounted` [blocked]	Safe `onMounted`	AUTO
`tryOnScopeDispose` [blocked]	Safe `onScopeDispose`	AUTO
`tryOnUnmounted` [blocked]	Safe `onUnmounted`	AUTO
`unrefElement` [blocked]	Retrieves the underlying DOM element from a Vue ref or component instance	AUTO
`useCurrentElement` [blocked]	Get the DOM element of current component as a ref	AUTO
`useMounted` [blocked]	Mounted state in ref	AUTO
`useTemplateRefsList` [blocked]	Shorthand for binding refs to template elements and components inside `v-for`	AUTO
`useVirtualList` [blocked]	Create virtual lists with ease	AUTO
`useVModel` [blocked]	Shorthand for v-model binding	AUTO
`useVModels` [blocked]	Shorthand for props v-model binding	AUTO

Watch

Function	Description	Invocation
`until` [blocked]	Promised one-time watch for changes	AUTO
`watchArray` [blocked]	Watch for an array with additions and removals	AUTO
`watchAtMost` [blocked]	`watch` with the number of times triggered	AUTO
`watchDebounced` [blocked]	Debounced watch	AUTO
`watchDeep` [blocked]	Shorthand for watching value with `{deep: true}`	AUTO
`watchIgnorable` [blocked]	Ignorable watch	AUTO
`watchImmediate` [blocked]	Shorthand for watching value with `{immediate: true}`	AUTO
`watchOnce` [blocked]	Shorthand for watching value with `{ once: true }`	AUTO
`watchPausable` [blocked]	Pausable watch	AUTO
`watchThrottled` [blocked]	Throttled watch	AUTO
`watchTriggerable` [blocked]	Watch that can be triggered manually	AUTO
`watchWithFilter` [blocked]	`watch` with additional EventFilter control	AUTO
`whenever` [blocked]	Shorthand for watching value to be truthy	AUTO

Reactivity

Function	Description	Invocation
`computedAsync` [blocked]	Computed for async functions	AUTO
`computedEager` [blocked]	Eager computed without lazy evaluation	AUTO
`computedWithControl` [blocked]	Explicitly define the dependencies of computed	AUTO
`createRef` [blocked]	Returns a `deepRef` or `shallowRef` depending on the `deep` param	AUTO
`extendRef` [blocked]	Add extra attributes to Ref	AUTO
`reactify` [blocked]	Converts plain functions into reactive functions	AUTO
`reactifyObject` [blocked]	Apply `reactify` to an object	AUTO
`reactiveComputed` [blocked]	Computed reactive object	AUTO
`reactiveOmit` [blocked]	Reactively omit fields from a reactive object	AUTO
`reactivePick` [blocked]	Reactively pick fields from a reactive object	AUTO
`refAutoReset` [blocked]	A ref which will be reset to the default value after some time	AUTO
`refDebounced` [blocked]	Debounce execution of a ref value	AUTO
`refDefault` [blocked]	Apply default value to a ref	AUTO
`refManualReset` [blocked]	Create a ref with manual reset functionality	AUTO
`refThrottled` [blocked]	Throttle changing of a ref value	AUTO
`refWithControl` [blocked]	Fine-grained controls over ref and its reactivity	AUTO
`syncRef` [blocked]	Two-way refs synchronization	AUTO
`syncRefs` [blocked]	Keep target refs in sync with a source ref	AUTO
`toReactive` [blocked]	Converts ref to reactive	AUTO
`toRef` [blocked]	Normalize value/ref/getter to `ref` or `computed`	EXPLICIT_ONLY
`toRefs` [blocked]	Extended `toRefs` that also accepts refs of an object	AUTO

Array

Function	Description	Invocation
`useArrayDifference` [blocked]	Reactive get array difference of two arrays	AUTO
`useArrayEvery` [blocked]	Reactive `Array.every`	AUTO
`useArrayFilter` [blocked]	Reactive `Array.filter`	AUTO
`useArrayFind` [blocked]	Reactive `Array.find`	AUTO
`useArrayFindIndex` [blocked]	Reactive `Array.findIndex`	AUTO
`useArrayFindLast` [blocked]	Reactive `Array.findLast`	AUTO
`useArrayIncludes` [blocked]	Reactive `Array.includes`	AUTO
`useArrayJoin` [blocked]	Reactive `Array.join`	AUTO
`useArrayMap` [blocked]	Reactive `Array.map`	AUTO
`useArrayReduce` [blocked]	Reactive `Array.reduce`	AUTO
`useArraySome` [blocked]	Reactive `Array.some`	AUTO
`useArrayUnique` [blocked]	Reactive unique array	AUTO
`useSorted` [blocked]	Reactive sort array	AUTO

Time

Function	Description	Invocation
`useCountdown` [blocked]	Reactive countdown timer in seconds	AUTO
`useDateFormat` [blocked]	Get the formatted date according to the string of tokens passed in	AUTO
`useTimeAgo` [blocked]	Reactive time ago	AUTO
`useTimeAgoIntl` [blocked]	Reactive time ago with i18n supported	AUTO

Utilities

Function	Description	Invocation
`createDisposableDirective` [blocked]	Utility for authoring disposable directives	AUTO
`createEventHook` [blocked]	Utility for creating event hooks	AUTO
`createUnrefFn` [blocked]	Make a plain function accepting ref and raw values as arguments	AUTO
`get` [blocked]	Shorthand for accessing `ref.value`	EXPLICIT_ONLY
`isDefined` [blocked]	Non-nullish checking type guard for Ref	AUTO
`makeDestructurable` [blocked]	Make isomorphic destructurable for object and array at the same time	AUTO
`set` [blocked]	Shorthand for `ref.value = x`	EXPLICIT_ONLY
`useAsyncQueue` [blocked]	Executes each asynchronous task sequentially and passes the current task result to the next task	AUTO
`useBase64` [blocked]	Reactive base64 transforming	AUTO
`useCached` [blocked]	Cache a ref with a custom comparator	AUTO
`useCloned` [blocked]	Reactive clone of a ref	AUTO
`useConfirmDialog` [blocked]	Creates event hooks to support modals and confirmation dialog chains	AUTO
`useCounter` [blocked]	Basic counter with utility functions	AUTO
`useCycleList` [blocked]	Cycle through a list of items	AUTO
`useDebounceFn` [blocked]	Debounce execution of a function	AUTO
`useEventBus` [blocked]	A basic event bus	AUTO
`useMemoize` [blocked]	Cache results of functions depending on arguments and keep it reactive	AUTO
`useOffsetPagination` [blocked]	Reactive offset pagination	AUTO
`usePrevious` [blocked]	Holds the previous value of a ref	AUTO
`useStepper` [blocked]	Provides helpers for building a multi-step wizard interface	AUTO
`useSupported` [blocked]	SSR compatibility `isSupported`	AUTO
`useThrottleFn` [blocked]	Throttle execution of a function	AUTO
`useTimeoutPoll` [blocked]	Use timeout to poll something	AUTO
`useToggle` [blocked]	A boolean switcher with utility functions	AUTO
`useToNumber` [blocked]	Reactively convert a string ref to number	AUTO
`useToString` [blocked]	Reactively convert a ref to string	AUTO

@Electron

Function	Description	Invocation
`useIpcRenderer` [blocked]	Provides ipcRenderer and all of its APIs with Vue reactivity	EXTERNAL
`useIpcRendererInvoke` [blocked]	Reactive ipcRenderer.invoke API result	EXTERNAL
`useIpcRendererOn` [blocked]	Use ipcRenderer.on with ease and ipcRenderer.removeListener automatically on unmounted	EXTERNAL
`useZoomFactor` [blocked]	Reactive WebFrame zoom factor	EXTERNAL
`useZoomLevel` [blocked]	Reactive WebFrame zoom level	EXTERNAL

@Firebase

Function	Description	Invocation
`useAuth` [blocked]	Reactive Firebase Auth binding	EXTERNAL
`useFirestore` [blocked]	Reactive Firestore binding	EXTERNAL
`useRTDB` [blocked]	Reactive Firebase Realtime Database binding	EXTERNAL

@Head

Function	Description	Invocation
`createHead`	Create the head manager instance.	EXTERNAL
`useHead`	Update head meta tags reactively.	EXTERNAL

@Integrations

Function	Description	Invocation
`useAsyncValidator` [blocked]	Wrapper for `async-validator`	EXTERNAL
`useAxios` [blocked]	Wrapper for `axios`	EXTERNAL
`useChangeCase` [blocked]	Reactive wrapper for `change-case`	EXTERNAL
`useCookies` [blocked]	Wrapper for `universal-cookie`	EXTERNAL
`useDrauu` [blocked]	Reactive instance for drauu	EXTERNAL
`useFocusTrap` [blocked]	Reactive wrapper for `focus-trap`	EXTERNAL
`useFuse` [blocked]	Easily implement fuzzy search using a composable with Fuse.js	EXTERNAL
`useIDBKeyval` [blocked]	Wrapper for `idb-keyval`	EXTERNAL
`useJwt` [blocked]	Wrapper for `jwt-decode`	EXTERNAL
`useNProgress` [blocked]	Reactive wrapper for `nprogress`	EXTERNAL
`useQRCode` [blocked]	Wrapper for `qrcode`	EXTERNAL
`useSortable` [blocked]	Wrapper for `sortable`	EXTERNAL

@Math

Function	Description	Invocation
`createGenericProjection` [blocked]	Generic version of `createProjection`	EXTERNAL
`createProjection` [blocked]	Reactive numeric projection from one domain to another	EXTERNAL
`logicAnd` [blocked]	`AND` condition for refs	EXTERNAL
`logicNot` [blocked]	`NOT` condition for ref	EXTERNAL
`logicOr` [blocked]	`OR` conditions for refs	EXTERNAL
`useAbs` [blocked]	Reactive `Math.abs`	EXTERNAL
`useAverage` [blocked]	Get the average of an array reactively	EXTERNAL
`useCeil` [blocked]	Reactive `Math.ceil`	EXTERNAL
`useClamp` [blocked]	Reactively clamp a value between two other values	EXTERNAL
`useFloor` [blocked]	Reactive `Math.floor`	EXTERNAL
`useMath` [blocked]	Reactive `Math` methods	EXTERNAL
`useMax` [blocked]	Reactive `Math.max`	EXTERNAL
`useMin` [blocked]	Reactive `Math.min`	EXTERNAL
`usePrecision` [blocked]	Reactively set the precision of a number	EXTERNAL
`useProjection` [blocked]	Reactive numeric projection from one domain to another	EXTERNAL
`useRound` [blocked]	Reactive `Math.round`	EXTERNAL
`useSum` [blocked]	Get the sum of an array reactively	EXTERNAL
`useTrunc` [blocked]	Reactive `Math.trunc`	EXTERNAL

@Motion

Function	Description	Invocation
`useElementStyle`	Sync a reactive object to a target element CSS styling	EXTERNAL
`useElementTransform`	Sync a reactive object to a target element CSS transform.	EXTERNAL
`useMotion`	Putting your components in motion.	EXTERNAL
`useMotionProperties`	Access Motion Properties for a target element.	EXTERNAL
`useMotionVariants`	Handle the Variants state and selection.	EXTERNAL
`useSpring`	Spring animations.	EXTERNAL

@Router

Function	Description	Invocation
`useRouteHash` [blocked]	Shorthand for a reactive `route.hash`	EXTERNAL
`useRouteParams` [blocked]	Shorthand for a reactive `route.params`	EXTERNAL
`useRouteQuery` [blocked]	Shorthand for a reactive `route.query`	EXTERNAL

@RxJS

Function	Description	Invocation
`from` [blocked]	Wrappers around RxJS's `from()` and `fromEvent()` to allow them to accept `ref`s	EXTERNAL
`toObserver` [blocked]	Sugar function to convert a `ref` into an RxJS Observer	EXTERNAL
`useExtractedObservable` [blocked]	Use an RxJS `Observable` as extracted from one or more composables	EXTERNAL
`useObservable` [blocked]	Use an RxJS `Observable`	EXTERNAL
`useSubject` [blocked]	Bind an RxJS `Subject` to a `ref` and propagate value changes both ways	EXTERNAL
`useSubscription` [blocked]	Use an RxJS `Subscription` without worrying about unsubscribing from it or creating memory leaks	EXTERNAL
`watchExtractedObservable` [blocked]	Watch the values of an RxJS `Observable` as extracted from one or more composables	EXTERNAL

@SchemaOrg

Function	Description	Invocation
`createSchemaOrg`	Create the schema.org manager instance.	EXTERNAL
`useSchemaOrg`	Update schema.org reactively.	EXTERNAL

@Sound

Function	Description	Invocation
`useSound`	Play sound effects reactively.	EXTERNAL