First Order Odes

When to Use

Decision Tree

1. Classify the ODE
   • Linear: y' + P(x)y = Q(x)?
   • Separable: y' = f(x)g(y)?
   • Exact: M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0 with dM/dy = dN/dx?
   • Bernoulli: y' + P(x)y = Q(x)y^n?
2. Select Solution Method

   Type	Method
   Separable	Separate and integrate
   Linear	Integrating factor e^{int P dx}
   Exact	Find potential function
   Bernoulli	Substitute v = y^{1-n}

3. Numerical Solution (IVP)
   • scipy.integrate.solve_ivp(f, [t0, tf], y0, method='RK45')
   • For stiff systems: method='Radau' or method='BDF'
   • Adaptive step size: specify rtol/atol, not step size
4. Verify Solution
   • Substitute back into ODE
   • Check initial/boundary conditions
   • sympy_compute.py dsolve "y' + y = x" --ics "{y(0): 1}"
5. Phase Portrait (Autonomous)
   • Find equilibria: f(y*) = 0
   • Analyze stability: sign of f'(y*)
   • z3_solve.py solve "dy/dt == 0"

Tool Commands

Scipy_Solve_Ivp

uv run python -c "from scipy.integrate import solve_ivp; sol = solve_ivp(lambda t, y: -y, [0, 5], [1]); print('y(5) =', sol.y[0][-1])"

Sympy_Dsolve

uv run python -m runtime.harness scripts/sympy_compute.py dsolve "Derivative(y,x) + y" --ics "{y(0): 1}"

Z3_Equilibrium

uv run python -m runtime.harness scripts/z3_solve.py solve "f(y_star) == 0"

Key Techniques

• [Elementary Differential Equations and... (Z-Library)] Solving ODEs with MATLAB (New York: Cambridge REFERENCES cyan black NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971). Mattheij, Robert, and Molenaar, Jaap, Ordinary Differential Equations in Theory and Practice Shampine, Lawrence F. Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations (New York: Chapman and Shampine, L.
• [Elementary Differential Equations and... (Z-Library)] Differential Equations: An Introduction to Modern Methods and Applications (2nd ed. Use the Laplace transform to solve the system 2e−t 3t α1 α2 , where α1 and α2 are arbitrary. How must α1 and α2 be chosen so that the solution is identical to Eq.
• [An Introduction to Numerical Analysis... (Z-Library)] Modern Numerical Methods for Ordinary Wiley, New York. User's guide for DVERK: A subroutine for solving non-stiff ODEs. Keller (1966), Analysis of Numerical Methods.
• [Elementary Differential Equations and... (Z-Library)] Show that the rst order Adams–Bashforth method is the Euler method and that the rst order Adams–Moulton method is the backward Euler method. Show that the third order Adams–Moulton formula is yn+1 = yn + (h/12)(5fn+1 + 8fn − fn−1). Derive the second order backward differentiation formula given by Eq.
• [An Introduction to Numerical Analysis... (Z-Library)] Test results on initial value methods for non-stiff ordinary differential equations, SIAM J. Comparing numerical methods for Fehlberg, E. Klassische Runge-Kutta-Formeln vierter und niedrigerer Ordnumg mit Schrittweiten-Kontrolle und ihre Anwendung auf Warme leitungsprobleme, Computing 6, 61-71.

Cognitive Tools Reference