ASP.NET Core Web API

Produce well-structured ASP.NET Core Web API endpoints with proper HTTP semantics, OpenAPI documentation, and error handling.

When to Use

Use this skill when working on ASP.NET Core HTTP APIs, including:

adding or modifying Web API endpoints implemented with controllers or minimal APIs;
wiring up OpenAPI/Swagger metadata and endpoint documentation;
defining request/response DTOs and consistent HTTP status code behavior;
adding .http files or similar request-based API testing artifacts;
configuring centralized API error handling middleware or exception mapping.

When Not to Use

Do not use this skill for:

general C# coding style or non-API refactoring;
EF Core data modeling or query optimization work; use optimizing-ef-core-queries;
frontend, Razor, or Blazor UI changes;
gRPC services;
SignalR hubs or real-time messaging flows.

Inputs / prerequisites

Before applying this skill, gather the project context needed to match the existing API style and wiring:

the ASP.NET Core entry point, typically Program.cs;
any existing controllers, especially classes inheriting ControllerBase or using [ApiController];
any existing minimal API registrations such as app.MapGet, app.MapPost, app.MapPut, or app.MapDelete;
related DTO, model, validation, and error-handling types already used by the project;
available build, run, and test commands so changes can be verified.

If the user asks for a new endpoint, inspect the current project structure first so the implementation follows the established conventions rather than mixing styles.

Workflow

Step 1: Determine the API style

Scan the project for existing endpoint patterns before writing any code.

Search for classes inheriting ControllerBase or decorated with [ApiController].
Search Program.cs or endpoint files for app.MapGet, app.MapPost, etc.
If the project already uses controllers, continue with controllers.
If the project already uses minimal APIs, continue with minimal APIs.
If neither exists (new project), default to minimal APIs unless the user explicitly requests controllers.

Do not mix styles in the same project.

Step 2: Define request and response types

Create dedicated types for API input and output. Never expose EF Core entities directly in request or response bodies.

Use sealed record for all DTOs. Records enforce immutability, provide value-based equality, and produce concise code. Seal them to prevent unintended inheritance and enable JIT devirtualization (CA1852).

Naming convention:

Role	Convention	Example
Input (create)	`Create{Entity}Request`	`CreateProductRequest`
Input (update)	`Update{Entity}Request`	`UpdateProductRequest`
Output (single)	`{Entity}Response`	`ProductResponse`
Output (list)	`{Entity}ListResponse`	`ProductListResponse`

XML doc comments on all DTOs: Add <summary> XML doc comments to every request and response type exposed in the API. These comments are automatically included in the generated OpenAPI specification, producing richer documentation without extra metadata calls.

Reference: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/fundamentals/openapi/openapi-comments

Date and time values — use DateTimeOffset: When a DTO includes a date or time property, always use DateTimeOffset instead of DateTime. DateTimeOffset preserves the UTC offset, avoids ambiguous timezone conversions, and serializes to ISO 8601 with offset information in JSON — which is what API consumers expect.

Reference: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.datetimeoffset JSON serialization options — preserve existing behavior by default: For existing APIs, do not introduce stricter serialization/deserialization settings unless the project already uses them or the user explicitly asks for them. Settings such as case-sensitive property matching and strict number handling can break existing clients. For new projects, or when strict JSON handling is explicitly requested, configure options like the following to minimize the potential of processing malicious requests:

csharp

// Apply these settings only for new projects, when the existing project already
// uses them, or when the user explicitly requests stricter JSON behavior.
builder.Services.ConfigureHttpJsonOptions(options =>
{
    // disallow reading numbers from JSON strings
    options.SerializerOptions.NumberHandling = JsonNumberHandling.Strict;
    // match properties with exact casing during deserialization
    options.SerializerOptions.PropertyNameCaseInsensitive = false;
    // reject duplicate JSON property names during deserialization
    options.SerializerOptions.AllowDuplicateProperties = false;
    // omit null properties from serialized output
    options.SerializerOptions.DefaultIgnoreCondition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingNull;
});

Enum properties — serialize as strings by default: Unless the user explicitly requests integer serialization, all enum properties should be serialized as strings. String-serialized enums are human-readable, less fragile when values are reordered, and produce better OpenAPI documentation. See Step 4 for the JsonStringEnumConverter configuration.

Response DTOs — use positional sealed records for concise, immutable output:

csharp

/// <summary>Represents a product returned by the API.</summary>
public sealed record ProductResponse(
    int Id,
    string Name,
    decimal Price,
    Category Category,
    bool IsAvailable,
    DateTimeOffset CreatedAt);

Request DTOs — use sealed records with init properties so data annotations work naturally:

csharp

/// <summary>Payload for creating a new product.</summary>
public sealed record CreateProductRequest
{
    [Required, MaxLength(200)]
    public required string Name { get; init; }

    [Range(0.01, 999999.99)]
    public required decimal Price { get; init; }

    public required Category Category { get; init; }
}

Follow the same pattern for Update{Entity}Request records, adding any additional properties the update requires (e.g., IsAvailable).

Minimal API validation — register explicitly: Data-annotation validation ([Required], [MaxLength], [Range], etc.) is automatic in MVC controllers, but minimal APIs require explicit opt-in. For .NET 10+ projects using minimal APIs, add the validation services in Program.cs:

csharp

builder.Services.AddValidation();

This wires up an endpoint filter that validates parameters decorated with data annotations before the handler executes, returning a 400 Bad Request with a validation problem details response on failure.

Reference: https://learn.microsoft.com/aspnet/core/fundamentals/minimal-apis?view=aspnetcore-10.0

Do not use mutable classes ({ get; set; }) for DTOs. Mutable DTOs allow accidental modification after construction and lose the self-documenting immutability that records provide.

Step 3: Implement the endpoints

Whether using controllers or minimal APIs, follow these HTTP conventions consistently.

Organizing minimal API endpoints: For projects using minimal APIs, organize endpoints by resource using static classes with a static Map<Resource> method. This pattern keeps endpoint definitions grouped by resource type, making the code more maintainable and easier to navigate as the API grows.

Pattern structure:

Create one static class per resource (e.g., ProductEndpoints, CategoryEndpoints).
Define a static Map<Resource>(this WebApplication app) extension method.
Inside the method, call MapGet, MapPost, MapPut, MapDelete, etc. for that resource's endpoints.
In Program.cs, call each resource's Map method in order.

Minimal API return types — prefer TypedResults:

Always prefer TypedResults over the Results factory. TypedResults embeds response type information in the method signature, giving the OpenAPI generator richer metadata automatically.

When a handler returns multiple result types (e.g., Ok or NotFound), annotate the lambda with an explicit Results<T1, T2> return type. This lets you use TypedResults while still giving the compiler a common type:

csharp

async Task<Results<Ok<ProductResponse>, NotFound>> (int id, ...) => ...

Do not use TypedResults.Ok(x) and TypedResults.NotFound() in a bare ternary without an explicit return type annotation. Ok<T> and NotFound are different types with no common base the compiler can infer, which causes CS1593: Delegate 'RequestDelegate' does not take N arguments because the compiler falls back to matching RequestDelegate(HttpContext).

Fallback — Results factory: If a handler has many conditional branches (7+ result types), you may use the Results factory (Results.Ok(), Results.NotFound()) which returns IResult, sacrificing compile-time OpenAPI inference for simpler signatures.

Status codes:

Operation	Success	Common errors
GET (single)	`200 OK`	`404 Not Found`
GET (list)	`200 OK`	—
POST (create)	`201 Created` with `Location` header	`400 Bad Request`, `409 Conflict`
PUT (full update)	`200 OK`	`400 Bad Request`, `404 Not Found`
PATCH (partial/action)	`200 OK`	`400 Bad Request`, `404 Not Found`
DELETE	`204 No Content`	`404 Not Found`, `409 Conflict`

POST 201 responses: Always return a Location header pointing to the newly created resource.

Controllers: use CreatedAtAction(nameof(GetById), new { id = ... }, response)
Minimal APIs: use TypedResults.Created($"/api/products/{id}", response)

CancellationToken: Accept CancellationToken in every endpoint signature and forward it through to all async calls (service methods, EF Core queries, HttpClient calls). This allows the server to stop work when a client disconnects.

csharp

// Controller example
[HttpGet("{id}")]
public async Task<ActionResult<ProductResponse>> GetById(
    int id, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
    var product = await _productService.GetByIdAsync(id, cancellationToken);
    return product is null ? NotFound() : Ok(product);
}

// Minimal API example — TypedResults with explicit return type (recommended)
app.MapGet("/api/products/{id}", async Task<Results<Ok<ProductResponse>, NotFound>> (
    int id, IProductService service, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
{
    var product = await service.GetByIdAsync(id, cancellationToken);
    return product is null ? TypedResults.NotFound() : TypedResults.Ok(product);
});

Step 4: Wire up OpenAPI

Every ASP.NET Core Web API should have OpenAPI documentation. Check whether the project already has OpenAPI configured before adding it.

For .NET 9+ projects, use the built-in ASP.NET Core OpenAPI support (builder.Services.AddOpenApi() + app.MapOpenApi() in development). This is all that is needed — no additional packages required.

Do NOT add any Swashbuckle.* NuGet package (Swashbuckle.AspNetCore, Swashbuckle.AspNetCore.SwaggerUI, Swashbuckle.AspNetCore.SwaggerGen, etc.) to .NET 9+ projects. Swashbuckle has known compatibility issues with .NET 9+ and .NET 10 OpenAPI types. For projects targeting .NET 8 or earlier, Swashbuckle is acceptable. If the project already has Swashbuckle installed, keep it unless the user asks to remove it.

Reference: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/fundamentals/openapi/overview

OpenAPI metadata on endpoints: Add descriptive metadata so the generated documentation is useful, not just a list of routes. For minimal APIs, chain the metadata methods:

csharp

app.MapGet("/api/products/{id}", handler)
    .WithName("GetProductById")
    .WithSummary("Get a product by ID")
    .WithDescription("Returns the full product details including category.")
    .Produces<ProductResponse>(StatusCodes.Status200OK)
    .Produces(StatusCodes.Status404NotFound);

Enum serialization (strings by default): Configure JSON serialization so enums appear as readable strings in both API responses and OpenAPI schemas. Always add this configuration unless the user explicitly requests integer enum serialization. Configure it for both minimal APIs and controllers, as they use different option types:

csharp

// Minimal APIs
builder.Services.ConfigureHttpJsonOptions(options =>
    options.SerializerOptions.Converters.Add(new JsonStringEnumConverter()));

// Controllers / MVC
builder.Services.AddControllers()
    .AddJsonOptions(options =>
    {
        options.JsonSerializerOptions.Converters.Add(new JsonStringEnumConverter());
    });

Step 5: Set up error handling

Use a global exception handler so that individual endpoints do not need try-catch blocks. Return RFC 7807 Problem Details for all error responses.

For .NET 8+ projects, prefer the built-in exception handler middleware:

csharp

builder.Services.AddProblemDetails();

app.UseExceptionHandler();
app.UseStatusCodePages();

If the project needs custom exception-to-status-code mapping (e.g., a NotFoundException should return 404), implement IExceptionHandler:

csharp

internal sealed class ApiExceptionHandler(ILogger<ApiExceptionHandler> logger)
    : IExceptionHandler
{
    public async ValueTask<bool> TryHandleAsync(
        HttpContext httpContext,
        Exception exception,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var (statusCode, title) = exception switch
        {
            KeyNotFoundException => (StatusCodes.Status404NotFound, "Not Found"),
            ArgumentException => (StatusCodes.Status400BadRequest, "Bad Request"),
            InvalidOperationException => (StatusCodes.Status409Conflict, "Conflict"),
            _ => (0, (string?)null)
        };

        if (statusCode == 0)
            return false; // Let the default handler deal with it

        // Important: returning true below suppresses the exception diagnostics middleware
        // for this exception, so ensure it is logged/telemetrized before returning.
        logger.LogWarning(exception, "Handled API exception: {Title}", title);

        httpContext.Response.StatusCode = statusCode;
        await httpContext.Response.WriteAsJsonAsync(new ProblemDetails
        {
            Status = statusCode,
            Title = title,
            // Do not use exception.Message here — it may leak sensitive internal details.
            // Use a safe, user-facing message instead.
            Detail = title,
            Instance = httpContext.Request.Path
        }, cancellationToken);

        return true;
    }
}

csharp

builder.Services.AddExceptionHandler<ApiExceptionHandler>();
builder.Services.AddProblemDetails();

app.UseExceptionHandler();

File placement: Always place exception handler classes in a Middleware/ folder to maintain consistent project organization. Do not place them at the project root.

Step 6: Use a service layer

Do not inject data stores directly into controllers or endpoint handlers. Create a service interface and a sealed implementation class that owns the data access logic and mapping between entities and request/response types.

Always define an interface for every service — this enables unit testing with mocks and follows the Dependency Inversion Principle:

csharp

// Services/IProductService.cs
public interface IProductService
{
    Task<IReadOnlyList<ProductResponse>> GetAllAsync(CancellationToken ct);
    Task<ProductResponse?> GetByIdAsync(int id, CancellationToken ct);
    Task<ProductResponse> CreateAsync(CreateProductRequest request, CancellationToken ct);
}

// Services/ProductService.cs
public sealed class ProductService(...) : IProductService
{
    // Data access logic, entity-to-DTO mapping
}

csharp

// In Program.cs
builder.Services.AddScoped<IProductService, ProductService>();

For EF Core data access patterns (migrations, Fluent API configuration, AsNoTracking, seed data), see the optimizing-ef-core-queries skill.

Step 7: Create a .http test file

After implementing endpoints, create a .http file in the project root that demonstrates how to call every new endpoint. This serves as living documentation and a quick manual test harness.

http

@baseUrl = http://localhost:5000

### Get all products
GET {{baseUrl}}/api/products

### Get product by ID
GET {{baseUrl}}/api/products/1

### Create a product
POST {{baseUrl}}/api/products
Content-Type: application/json

{
  "name": "Wireless Mouse",
  "price": 29.99,
  "category": "Electronics"
}

### Delete a product
DELETE {{baseUrl}}/api/products/1

Include at least one request per endpoint with realistic bodies. Show error paths (e.g., non-existent IDs). Match the port to launchSettings.json.

Step 8: Build and verify

Run dotnet build — confirm zero errors and zero warnings.
Start the app and verify the OpenAPI document loads (default: /openapi/v1.json).
Run the requests in the .http file and confirm correct status codes.

Validation

All endpoints return correct HTTP status codes per the table in Step 3
POST endpoints return 201 Created with a Location header
DELETE endpoints return 204 No Content
Every endpoint signature includes CancellationToken
CancellationToken is forwarded to all downstream async calls
OpenAPI document is generated and includes all new endpoints
Endpoints have summary/description metadata for OpenAPI
Enum values appear as strings in JSON responses and OpenAPI schemas (unless user explicitly requested integer serialization)
Error responses use RFC 7807 Problem Details format
Domain entities are not exposed directly in API request/response bodies
All API-exposed DTOs have <summary> XML doc comments
Date and time properties use DateTimeOffset, not DateTime
A .http file exists with a request for every new endpoint
dotnet build passes with zero errors and zero warnings
All DTOs are sealed record types (not mutable classes)
Minimal API handlers use TypedResults with explicit Results<T1, T2> return types
Every service has a corresponding interface registered in DI
Exception handlers are placed in the Middleware/ folder

Common Pitfalls

Pitfall	Solution
Exposing domain entities as API responses	Create separate `sealed record` request/response types. Entities leak navigation properties and internal fields.
Forgetting `CancellationToken`	Add to every endpoint and forward through the entire async call chain.
Returning `200 OK` from POST create	Return `201 Created` with a `Location` header.
Missing OpenAPI metadata	Chain `.WithName()`, `.WithSummary()`, `.WithDescription()`, `.Produces<T>()` on every endpoint.
Injecting data stores directly into endpoints	Use a service layer with an interface for separation and testability.
Mixing controller and minimal API styles	Pick one per project and be consistent.
`TypedResults` in ternary without explicit return type	`Ok<T>` and `NotFound` have no common base — annotate with `Task<Results<Ok<T>, NotFound>>` or fall back to `Results` factory.
Using mutable classes for DTOs	Use `sealed record` with positional syntax (responses) or `init` properties (requests).
Registering services without interfaces	Define `IService` and register with `AddScoped<IService, Service>()`.
Adding any `Swashbuckle.*` package to new .NET 9+ projects	Use built-in `AddOpenApi()` + `MapOpenApi()`. Do not add `Swashbuckle.AspNetCore`, `Swashbuckle.AspNetCore.SwaggerUI`, or any other Swashbuckle package.
Missing XML doc comments on DTOs	Add `<summary>` XML doc comments to every request and response type. These flow into the generated OpenAPI spec automatically.
Using `DateTime` for date/time properties	Use `DateTimeOffset` instead — it preserves UTC offset, avoids timezone ambiguity, and serializes correctly in JSON.
Serializing enums as integers	Configure `JsonStringEnumConverter` so enums serialize as strings by default. Only use integer serialization if the user explicitly requests it.

More Info

ASP.NET Core Web API overview — fundamental concepts for building Web APIs
OpenAPI in ASP.NET Core — built-in OpenAPI support in .NET 9+
OpenAPI from XML comments — how XML doc comments flow into the OpenAPI spec
Minimal APIs overview — routing, parameter binding, and response types
Handle errors in ASP.NET Core APIs — Problem Details and exception handling
DateTimeOffset — preferred type for date/time values in APIs